Takawaenga: Ko te waikano (pigment) he peka tino nui o te ahumahi matū pai.Te whakawhanaketanga o nga takawaenga tautoko.Mai i te tau 1950 kua tino whakawhanakehia te hanga takawaenga a Haina mo te tae me te poaka.I roto i nga tau kua pahure ake nei, kua kaha ake te hanga o nga takawaenga o te waikano me te poaka, me nga mea hou i roto i nga hangarau whakangao.He maha nga waahi kua tutuki i a matou, penei i te rangahau, i nga whakamahinga hou mo nga momo tawhito me te whakamarumaru taiao, a kua mahia e matou he mahinga ma mo te hanga waikano me nga kai waenga..

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Te whakawhanaketanga o te whakamahi i nga takawaenga

Ko te tikanga, ko te whakamahinga o nga takawaenga he whanaketanga maha, he momo momo takawaenga e whakamahia ana i roto i nga waikano e kiia nei ko te waikano takawaenga, ka whakamahia i roto i nga pesticides, rongoa, me era atu.Ka kiia ano he pesticide, he takawaenga rongoa.Me whakaarohia he peka o te ahumahi matū pai katoa, kaua e tino wehewehea ki nga waikano takawaenga, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide. , takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, pesticide takawaenga, pesticide takawaenga, pesticide takawaenga. takawaenga, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga pesticide Wawaenga, takawaenga ho'oraa, e whakaiti i te whānuitanga o te whakamahi o etahi takawaenga, ka pa ki o ratou dewhakaterenga.

Ko nga rangahau takawaenga matū pai e tohuhia ana e te maha o nga momo, engari he iti noa nga momo tauine whakangao he tino nui, ko te nuinga o nga momo tonane ehara i te tino nui, engari he uaua ake te mahi whakarite, he maha nga tauhohenga me te wehewehenga. te whakaputanga nui o Nga "parapara e toru" me tika te whakahaere.Na reira, kia whai wāhi tatou ki te rangahau tukanga hua rangatū, he whakahaere whaitake o takawaenga ki te whiwhi pai production tauine pai.

Mai i nga ahuatanga o waho, ko te rangahau me te whakaputanga o nga takawaenga ka tika te aro ki te whakatutuki i nga mahi rangatū.he torutoru ki te tekau ma rua nga momo takawaenga, he maamaa ake te whakatinana i enei rangahau me te whakaputa ma te whakawhanaketanga me te tango i nga hangarau hou.Ka rua nga hua ka whiwhi maatau me te haurua o te kaha.Ka taea e tatou te korero mo te ahuatanga i Hapani, i te wa i tino whakahekehia te hanga o nga takawaenga, mai i nga tau 1960.E whitu nga wa kua whakatikatikahia, kua whakakorikoritia.

Na roto i te panoni me te whanaketanga, kua eke te ahumahi waikano me te poaka takawaenga o Haina ki te taumata teitei i runga i nga tikanga o te tauine whakangao, te hangarau me te taumata taputapu, e kore e taea anake te whakatutuki i nga hiahia o te waikano o te whare me te whanaketanga o te ahumahi whakangao, engari ka nui ake nga hua takawaenga mo te kounga. whenua ke.

Ko nga rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana mo te whakakotahi i nga takawaenga ko te nuinga ka riro mai i nga hua o te hinu hinu me te ahumahi matū coking, ko te nuinga he benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, me te naphthalene.I roto i nga tau tata nei, kua piki ake te pikinga o nga poaka waro i mahia mai i nga takawaenga heterocyclic.I tua atu, phenanthrene, pyridine, hāora fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, pūhui raupapa biphenyl, enei rauemi mata matatini tono ki te hanga o te waikano.Ko te whakamahi i nga rauemi mata waihanga ka nui ake, ka nui haere.

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Ko nga tauhohenga matū e whakamahia ana mo nga takawaenga

Ko nga tauhohenga matū tino noa e whakamahia ana ki te tukatuka i nga rawa mata hei takawaenga mo te ahumahi tae (whakaahua) e whai ake nei.

(1) Tauhohenga sulfonation
(2) Nga tauhohenga Nitrification
(3) Nga tauhohenga Halogenation
(4) Tauhohenga whakaheke ki te whakarite amino
(5) Tauhohenga Diazotization (he maha nga tauhohenga honohono)
(6) Te whakakapi i nga roopu waikawa sulfonic ki nga roopu hydroxyl ma nga tauhohenga whakarewa-waaka
(7) Tauhohenga whakakaha
(8) Tauhohenga waiora
(9) Nga tauhohenga o te hauhau me te warowaiha
(10) Tauhohenga Aromatization (te nuinga o te amino)
(11) Tauhohenga whakawhiti o nga roopu hydroxyl me te amino
(12) Te whakamaaramatanga o nga roopu hydroxyl, amino ranei

E ai ki te hanganga mowhiti kakara o nga takawaenga matū pai, ka taea te whakarōpūtia ki te aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic me te matotoru.Pūnaha mowhiti.Ka taea e to tatou whenua te whakaputa neke atu i te 400 nga momo benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic me etahi atu takawaenga o te tae me te poaka, ka taea te whakatutuki i nga whakaritenga o nga hiahia whanaketanga ahumahi Waikano me te poaka.

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Nga momo matua o te punaha benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine waikawa Benzenesulfonic, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, waikawa DSD, p-aminophenetole, waikawa CTL, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-momoethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl -hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline , 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline , 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, etc.

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Nga momo matua o nga takawaenga naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-waikawa, K-waikawa, 2,3-waikawa, 2,6-waikawa, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 hāora waikawa.J-waikawa, peri-waikawa, gamma-waikawa, G-tote, R-tote, amino K-waikawa, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-waikawa me etahi atu.Anthraquinone intermediates ngā: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-waikawa, etc. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, etc.

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Ko nga momo heterocyclic me nga momo-a-huringa nui

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, !tetracarboxylic anhydride, etc.