Ngā Takawaenga: He peka tino nui ngā takawaenga tae (tae) o te umanga matū pai. Te whanaketanga o ngā takawaenga tautoko. Kua tino whanakehia te hanga takawaenga a Haina mō te tae me te tae mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950. I ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, kua kaha haere te hanga takawaenga tae me te tae, ā, kua puta ngā mahi auaha i roto i te hangarau hanga. Kua kitea e mātou he whanaketanga i roto i ētahi wāhanga, pērā i te rangahau, ngā whakamahinga hou mō ngā momo tawhito me te tiaki taiao, ā, kua whakamahia he tukanga ma mō te hanga takawaenga tae me te tae.

1
Te whakawhanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā takawaenga

Ina hoki, he maha ngā whanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā takawaenga, he momo takawaenga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tae e kiia ana ko ngā takawaenga tae, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā patupatu, ngā rongoā, me ērā atu. E kiia ana hoki ko ngā patupatu, ko ngā takawaenga rongoā. Me whakaaro hei peka o te umanga matū pai katoa, kaua e wehewehea kia pakari ki ngā takawaenga tae, ngā takawaenga patupatu ... rongoā, ka whakaiti i te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga o ētahi takawaenga, ka pā ki tō rātou whanaketanga.

He whānuitia ngā momo rangahau matū takawaenga, engari he iti noa ngā momo whakaputanga he tino nui, ko te nuinga o ngā momo tana he iti noa iho, engari he uaua ake te tukanga whakarite, he maha ngā tauhohenga me ngā wehenga o ngā waeine, ā, me tika te whakahaere i ngā "para e toru". Nō reira, me uru tātou ki te rangahau tukanga hua raupapa, me te whakarite tika i ngā takawaenga kia pai ai te whakaputanga tauine.

Mai i te āhua o tāwāhi, ko te rangahau me te whakaputa i ngā takawaenga he mea arotahi tika kia tutuki ai te whakaputa raupapa. Mai i te torutoru ki te tekau mā rua ngā momo takawaenga, he māmā ake te whakatinana i aua rangahau me te whakaputa mā te whanaketanga whānui me te tango i ngā hangarau hou. Ka rua te hua ka puta mai i te haurua o te kaha. Ka taea e tātou te kōrero ki te āhua i Hapani, i mua ko te whakaputanga o ngā takawaenga he tino kore whakahaere, mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960. E whitu ngā wā kua whakatikatikaina, kua arotahihia hoki.

Nā te panonitanga me te whanaketanga, kua eke te umanga takawaenga tae me te tae o Haina ki tētahi taumata teitei ake i runga i te tauine whakaputa, te hangarau me te taumata taputapu, e kore e taea anake te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whanaketanga o te umanga tae me te tae o te kāinga, engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā hua takawaenga kounga teitei ake mō ngā whenua ke.

Ko ngā rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga takawaenga he mea whiwhi mai i ngā hua o te hinu me te ahumahi matū coking, ko te nuinga he benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, me te naphthalene. I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki haere ngā tae waro i hangaia mai i ngā takawaenga heterocyclic. Hei tāpiri, ko te phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, ngā pūhui raupapa biphenyl, ko ēnei rauemi mata matatini e whakamahia ana ki te hanga tae. Ka whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata hangai, ā, ka noa ake.

2
Ko ngā tauhohenga matū tino noa e whakamahia ana mō ngā takawaenga

Ko ngā tauhohenga matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei tukatuka i ngā rauemi mata hei takawaenga mō te umanga tae (tae) ko ēnei e whai ake nei.

(1) Tauhohenga whakapūkara
(2) Ngā tauhohenga whakanitrogenation
(3) Ngā tauhohenga halogenation
(4) Tauhohenga whakaiti hei whakarite i te amino
(5) Ngā tauhohenga whakahāngai (he maha ngā wā ka haere tahi me ngā tauhohenga honohono)
(6) Te whakakapinga o ngā rōpū waikawa sulfonic ki ngā rōpū hydroxyl mā ngā tauhohenga rewa-kawakawa
(7) Ngā tauhohenga acetylation
(8) Ngā tauhohenga waikura
(9) Ngā tauhohenga whakapūhau me te whakapūhau waro
(10) Ngā tauhohenga whakakanapa (te nuinga he amino)
(11) Ngā tauhohenga whakawhiti o ngā rōpū hydroxyl me te amino
(12) Te whakahāoraora o ngā rōpū hydroxyl, amino rānei

E ai ki te hanganga mowhiti kakara o ngā takawaenga matū pai, ka taea te whakarōpū i ēnei ki te pūnaha mowhiti aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic me te pūnaha mowhiti matotoru. Ka taea e tō tātou whenua te whakaputa i ngā momo takawaenga tae me te tae neke atu i te 400, e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te whanaketanga o te umanga tae me te tae.

3
Ngā momo matua o te pūnaha benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Waikawa Benzenesulfonic, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, waikawa DSD, p-aminophenetole, waikawa CTL, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide, 4-metil-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Tirikōroanirina, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-tīkīroanirina, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, me ētahi atu.

4
Ngā momo matua o ngā takawaenga naphthalene

2-naphthol, waikawa-H, waikawa-K, waikawa-2,3, waikawa-2,6, waikawa thujaplic, hāora waikawa-6-nitro-1,2,4. Waikawa-J, waikawa-peri, waikawa-gamma, tote-G, tote-R, waikawa-amino K, waikawa-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic, waikawa-1-naphthol -5-sulfonic, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, waikawa-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic, waikawa-2R me ērā atu. Ko ngā takawaenga Anthraquinone ko: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, me ētahi atu. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, me ētahi atu.

5
Ngā momo matua heterocyclic me ngā momo matua kikī-cyclic

Te konupūmā cyanuric, te waikawa barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, te waikawa dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, me ētahi atu.