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Kupu Whakataki
He peka tino nui ngā takawaenga tae o te umanga matū pai, ā, ko te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga tae e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā takawaenga e haere tahi ana me tēnei.

Kua tino whanake te hanga tae me ngā takawaenga tae i Haina mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950, me te kaha haere o te whakataetae i te mākete, kua auaha te hanga tae me ngā takawaenga tae i roto i te hangarau whakaputa; ngā putanga hou i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā momo hou, te whakapai ake i te tukanga whakaputa, te rangahau i ngā tikanga hou, ngā whakamahinga hou o ngā momo tawhito, te tiaki i te taiao, me ētahi atu, me te whakamahi i te hangarau ma mo te hanga tae me ngā takawaenga tae.

Tuatahi, ko te whanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā takawaenga
Pikitia

Ina hoki, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te whanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā takawaenga, he takawaenga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tae e kiia nei ko ngā takawaenga tae, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā patupatu, ngā rongoā, me ngā patupatu, ngā takawaenga rongoā. Me whakaaro ngā takawaenga hei peka o te umanga matū pai katoa, kaua e wehewehea kia rite ki ngā takawaenga tae, ngā takawaenga patupatu, ngā takawaenga rongoā mā ia umanga, ka whakaiti i te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o ētahi takawaenga, ka pā ki tōna whanaketanga.

He whānuitia ngā momo o te rangahau matū takawaenga pai, ā, he nui rawa ngā momo whakaputanga, engari kāore i te tino nui te taumaha o te nuinga o ngā momo, engari he uaua te tukanga whakarite, he maha ngā tauhohenga waeine me te tukanga wehewehe, ā, he nui hoki ngā "para e toru" i puta mai i te whakaputanga me tika te whakahaere. Nō reira, me uru tātou ki te rangahau tukanga o ngā hua raupapa me te whakarite i te whakaputanga o ngā takawaenga kia tika ai te hua o ngā hua tauine pai.

Mai i te āhua o ngā whenua ke, ko te rangahau me te hanga o ngā takawaenga he mea arotahi kia tutuki ai te hanga raupapa, ka taea e te huinga taputapu hanga te whakaputa i ētahi ki te tekau mā rua ngā momo takawaenga. Mā te rangahau me te hanga i roto i te whanaketanga whānui, he māmā ake te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou, ka eke ki te rua ngā hua me te haurua o te kaha. Hei tauira, ko te āhua o Hapani he tino marara hoki, mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960 kua whitu ngā wā hei whakatikatika me te arotahi.

Nā te panonitanga me te whanaketanga, kua eke te umanga tae me ngā takawaenga tae o Haina ki tētahi taumata teitei ake i runga i te tauine whakaputa, te hangarau me te taumata taputapu, e kore e taea anake te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whanaketanga o te umanga tae me te tae o te kāinga, engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā takawaenga kounga teitei ake mō ngā whenua ke.

Ko ngā rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga takawaenga he mea whiwhi mai i ngā hua o te hinu me te ahumahi matū coking, ko te nuinga he benzene, he naphthalene, he anthraquinone, me ētahi atu pūhui heterocyclic, ā, ko ngā tae waro i hangaia me ngā takawaenga pūhui heterocyclic kei te piki haere i ngā tau tata nei. Hei tāpiri, ko te phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series o ngā pūhui, ko ēnei rauemi mata matatini e whakamahia ana ki te hanga tae, kātahi ka whānui ake, ka whānui ake te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata hangai.

Tuarua, ko ngā tauhohenga matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana o ngā takawaenga
Pikitia

Ka tukatukahia ngā rauemi mata hei hanga i ngā takawaenga o te umanga tae (tae), ko ngā tauhohenga matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana koia ēnei.

(1) te tauhohenga whakapūkawa
(2) Tauhohenga Nitrate
(3) tauhohenga halogenation
(4) Tauhohenga whakaiti hei whakarite i te amino
(5) Tauhohenga whakahāngai (he maha ngā wā ka haere tahi me te tauhohenga honohono)
(6) te tauhohenga hanumi kawakore hei whakakapi i te rōpū waikawa sulfonic ki te hydroxyl
(7) Tauhohenga acylation
(8) Tauhohenga waikura
(9) te tauhohenga whakapūhau me te waro
(10) Tauhohenga kakara (te nuinga he amino)
(11) te tauhohenga whakakapinga tahi o ngā rōpū hydroxyl me te amino
(12) te tauhohenga hydroxyl, te amino hydrocarbonation rānei

E ai ki te hanganga o te mowhiti kakara matua o ngā takawaenga matū pai, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā takawaenga ki te pūnaha aliphatic, te pūnaha benzene, te pūnaha naphthalene, te pūnaha anthraquinone, te pūnaha heterocyclic me te pūnaha mowhiti matotoru. Ka taea e tō tātou whenua te whakaputa benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, te pūnaha heterocyclic, pērā i te tae, ngā takawaenga tae neke atu i te 400 ngā momo, ko te nuinga hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whanaketanga o te ahumahi tae.

Ko ngā momo matua o te pūnaha benzene ko.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, me ētahi atu. N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- me ngā para-esters, me ētahi atu.

Ko ngā momo matua o ngā takawaenga naphthalene ko.

2-naphthol, waikawa-H, waikawa-K, waikawa-2,3, waikawa-2,6, waikawa tartaric, waikawa-6-nitro-1,2,4-oxygenate, waikawa-J, waikawa-peri, waikawa-γ, tote-G, tote-R, waikawa-amino K, waikawa-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic, waikawa-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, waikawa-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic, waikawa-2R, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā momo matua o ngā takawaenga anthraquinone ko: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diaminoanthraquinone, me ētahi atu.

Ko ngā momo matua o te pūnaha heterocyclic me te pūnaha mowhiti matotoru ko.

Melamine, waikawa barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, waikawa dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, me ētahi atu.