Āhuatanga o nāianei: ko te ahumahi rongoā e aro nui ana ki te hanga matū rongoā, te rongoā koiora me te rongoā Hainamana tuku iho, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te whakaputanga, he maha ngā tukanga uaua me ngā tauine whakaputa rerekē.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te wai para e puta mai ana i te tukanga rongoā ko te kukū teitei o ngā parahanga, ngā wāhanga matatini, te ngoikore o te pirau koiora me te nui o te paitini koiora.
Ko te hanga matū me te whakapūtanga o te wai para rongoā te uauatanga me te wāhi matua i roto i te whakahaere parahanga o te umanga rongoā.
Ko te wai parahanga matū he parahanga nui e tukuna ana i te wā e hangaia ana ngā rongoā [2].
E whā ngā wāhanga o te wai para rongoā [3], arā, ko te wai para me te wai whaea i roto i te tukanga whakaputa;
Kei roto i te wai toenga e whakaorahia ana ko te whakarewa, te wai o mua, te hua taha, me ētahi atu.
Ngā tukanga whakaheke wai āwhina pērā i te wai whakamatao, me ētahi atu.
Ngā taputapu me te wai para horoi whenua;
Parakaingaki o te whare.
Hangarau mō te maimoatanga o te wai para rongoā
I runga i ngā āhuatanga o te wai para rongoā pērā i te COD teitei, te hauota teitei, te phosphorus teitei, te tote teitei, te chroma hohonu, te hanganga matatini me te ngoikore o te pirau koiora, ko ngā tikanga maimoatanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te maimoatanga ā-tinana me te tukanga maimoatanga matū koiora [6].
E ai ki ngā momo kounga o te wai para, ka whakamahia hoki he raupapa tikanga pēnei i te whakakotahitanga o te tukanga ā-tinana me te tukanga koiora [7].
Te pikitia
1. Hangarau maimoatanga ā-tinana me te matū
I tēnei wā, ko ngā tikanga matua mō te tukatuka ā-tinana me te matū mō te wai parahanga rongoā ko: te tikanga whakapūnga hau, te tikanga whakatōtō toto, te tikanga mimiti, te tikanga whakahurihuri, te tikanga tahunga me te tukanga waikura matatau [8].
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā tikanga hikohiko me te matū whakatītaha, pērā i te hikohiko-iti FE-C me ngā tikanga whakatītaha MAP mō te tango hauota me te whākōkī, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i te maimoatanga o ngā wai para rongoā.
1.1 Tikanga whakapūpū me te whakatōtō
Ko te tukanga whakapūpū he tukanga e hurihia ai ngā matūriki iri me ngā matūriki colloidal i roto i te wai kia kore e pumau mā te tāpiri i ngā matū, kātahi ka whakakotahihia hei ngā putunga wai, hei ngā putunga rānei e ngāwari ana te wehe.
I tēnei wā, e whakamahia ana tēnei hangarau i roto i te maimoatanga o mua, te maimoatanga waenga me te maimoatanga matatau o te wai para rongoā [10].
Ko ngā painga o te hangarau whakapūmau me te whakatōpuku he hangarau pakari, he taputapu māmā, he mahi pumau me te tiaki watea.
Heoi, ka nui te paru matū ka puta i te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau, ka iti ai te pH o te para me te nui hoki o te tote i roto i te wai para.
Hei tāpiritanga, kāore e taea e te hangarau whakapūmau me te whakapūtātanga te tango tika i ngā parahanga rewa i roto i te wai para, kāore hoki e taea te tango katoa i ngā parahanga paitini me ngā mea kino i roto i te wai para.
1.2 Tikanga whakatōtō matū
Ko te tikanga whakatītaha matū he tikanga matū hei tango i ngā poke i roto i te wai para mā te tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā matū wairewa me ngā poke i roto i te wai para hei hanga i ngā tote kore wairewa, i ngā hauwaiwai, i ngā matū matatini rānei.
He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā wai para rongoā he nui te kukū o te hauota haukini, te phosphate me te sulfate, me ētahi atu. Mō tēnei momo wai para, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tikanga matū hei whakamau i mua i te tukatuka ā-tinana me te matū hei whakarite i te mahi noa o te tukanga maimoatanga matū koiora e whai ake nei.
Hei hangarau maimoatanga wai tuku iho, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te matū whakapūtā hei whakangawari i te wai para.
Nā te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata matū parakore teitei i roto i te tukanga whakaputa wai para rongoā, he nui te kukū o te hauota haukini me te ūkuikui me ētahi atu poke i roto i te wai para. Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga matū whakapūngao konupūmā haukini phosphate ka taea te tango i ngā poke e rua i te wā kotahi, ā, ka taea te hangarua i te tote whakapūngao konupūmā haukini phosphate i hangaia.
Ko te tikanga matū whakatōpū konupūmā ammonium phosphate e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga struvite.
I roto i te tukanga whakaputa o te takawaenga rongoā, he nui te waikawa whanariki e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi awheawhe, ā, he iti pea te pH o tēnei wāhanga o te wai para. Hei whakapai ake i te uara pH o te wai para me te tango i ētahi katote whanariki i te wā kotahi, he maha te whakamahi i te tikanga tāpiri CaO, e kiia nei ko te tikanga matū mō te whakakorenga whanariki.
1.3 te mimiti
Ko te mātāpono o te tango i ngā poke i roto i te wai para mā te tikanga mimiti e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi totoka pūwero hei mimiti i ētahi, i ētahi momo poke rānei i roto i te wai para, kia taea ai te tango, te hangarua rānei i ngā poke i roto i te wai para.
Ko ngā mea mimiti e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te pungarehu rere, te para, te waro whakahohe me te kapia mimiti, ā, ko te waro whakahohe te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
1.4 te rere o te hau
Ko te tikanga mānu hau he tukanga maimoatanga waipara e whakamahia ai ngā mirumiru iti kua horapa hei kawe i ngā poke i roto i te waipara. Nā te mea he iti ake te matotoru o ngā mirumiru iti e piri ana ki ngā poke i tō te wai, ā, ka mānu ake, ka taea te wehewehe i te totoka-wai, te wai-wai rānei.
Ko ngā momo mānutanga hau ko te mānutanga hau rewa, te mānutanga hau hauhautanga, te mānutanga hau hikohiko me te mānutanga hau matū, me ētahi atu [18], ā, i roto i ēnei he pai te mānutanga hau matū mō te maimoatanga o te wai para he nui te ihirangi o ngā mea iri.
He iti ngā painga o te tikanga whakamānu hau, he māmā te tukanga, he watea te tiaki, ā, he iti hoki te whakapaunga pūngao, engari kāore e taea te tango tika i ngā parahanga wairewa i roto i te wai para.
1.5 te hikohiko
Ko te tukanga hikohiko he whakamahinga o te mahi a te iahiko i pania, ka puta he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga matū, ka huri i ngā poke kino i roto i te wai para, ā, kua tangohia. Ko te kaupapa tauhohenga o te tukanga hikohiko i roto i te otinga hikohiko ko te whakamahi i te rauemi hikohiko me te tauhohenga hikohiko, ka puta he hāora taiao hou me te hauwai [H] ā, ko ngā poke wai para o te tauhohenga REDOX ka tango i ngā poke.
He tino whai hua te tikanga hikohiko, ā, he māmā noa iho te whakahaere i roto i te maimoatanga waipara. I taua wā anō, ka taea e te tikanga hikohiko te tango i ngā matū tae i roto i te waipara, me te whakapai ake i te pirau o te waipara.
Te pikitia
2. Hangarau whakahāora matatau
He maha ngā painga o te hangarau waikura matatau, hei hangarau maimoatanga wai hou, pērā i te tino whai huatanga o te whakahoro i ngā poke, te whakahoro me te waikura tino pai ake o ngā poke, me te kore he parahanga tuarua.
Ko te hangarau waikura matatau, e mōhiotia ana ko te hangarau waikura hohonu, he hangarau maimoatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki e whakamahi ana i te waikura, te mārama, te hiko, te oro, te aukume me te whakakorikori hei whakaputa i ngā rauropi kore utu tino kaha (pēnei i te ·OH) hei whakangaro i ngā poke waro ātete.
I roto i te mara o te maimoatanga waipara rongoā, kua noho te hangarau waikura matatau hei kaupapa matua o te rangahau whānui me te aro nui.
Ko te hangarau whakahāora matatau ko te whakahāora hikohiko, te whakahāora matū, te whakahāora ultrasonic, te whakahāora catalytic maku, te whakahāora photocatalytic, te whakahāora catalytic hiato, te whakahāora wai tino arohaehae me te hangarau whakakotahi whakahāora matatau.
Ko te tikanga whakahāora matū ko te whakamahi i ngā matū ake, i raro rānei i ētahi tikanga me te kaha o te whakahāora hei whakahāora i ngā poke waro i roto i te wai para, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango i ngā poke. Ko ngā tikanga whakahāora matū tae atu ki te whakahāora ozone, te tikanga whakahāora Fenton me te tikanga whakahāora catalytic mākū.
2.1 Te tukanga whakahāngaitanga Fenton
Ko te tikanga whakapūngao Fenton he momo tikanga whakapūngao matatau e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga te tote ferric (Fe2+, Fe3+ rānei) hei whakakorikori hei whakaputa i te ·OH me te whakapūngao kaha i raro i te tikanga tāpiri H2O2, ka taea te tauhohenga whakapūngao me ngā poke rauropi me te kore e whiriwhiri kia tutuki ai te pirau me te whakapūngao o ngā poke.
He maha ngā painga o tēnei tikanga, tae atu ki te tere o te tauhohenga, te kore parahanga tuarua me te kaha o te waikura, me ētahi atu. Ko te tikanga waikura Fenton e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te maimoatanga waipara rongoā nā te mea he tauhohenga waikura kore-whiriwhiri i roto i te tukanga waikura matū, ā, ka taea e te tikanga te whakaiti i te paitini o te waipara me ētahi atu āhuatanga.
2.2 Tikanga whakahāora hikohiko
Ko te tikanga whakahāngaitanga hikohiko ko te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hikohiko hei whakaputa i ngā rauropi kore hauhā ·O2 me te rauropi kore hauhā ·OH, he nui te kaha whakahāngaitanga o ēnei e rua, ā, ka taea te whakahāngai i ngā mea rauropi i roto i te wai para, kātahi ka tutuki te kaupapa o te tango i ngā poke.
Heoi, ko ngā āhuatanga o tēnei tikanga ko te nui o te whakapaunga hiko me te utu nui.
2.3 Te whakahāoratanga whakaahua-whakakorikori
He hangarau maimoatanga tino whai hua te waikura whakaahua-whakakorikori i roto i te hangarau maimoatanga wai, e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi whakakorikori (pēnei i te TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, me ētahi atu) hei kawe whakakorikori hei kawe i te waikura whakakorikori o te nuinga o ngā poke whakaiti i roto i te wai para, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango i ngā poke.
Nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā matū kei roto i te wai para rongoā he matū pōro me ngā rōpū waikawa, he matū pōro rānei me ngā rōpū kawakore, ka taea te whakapōrearea tika, ā-kore rānei i aua matū e te mārama.
2.4 Te waikura wai tino hirahira
Ko te waikura wai tino arohaehae (SCWO) he momo hangarau maimoatanga wai e whakamahi ana i te wai hei reo, ā, e whakamahi ana i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te wai i roto i te āhua tino arohaehae hei whakapai ake i te tere tauhohenga me te whakatutuki i te waikura katoa o ngā mea rauropi.
2.5 Hangarau whakakotahi waikura matatau
He rerekētanga anō kei ia hangarau waikura matatau. Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te maimoatanga waipara, ka whakarōpūhia he raupapa o ngā hangarau waikura matatau, ka hangaia he whakakotahitanga o ngā hangarau waikura matatau, ka whakakotahi rānei i tētahi hangarau waikura matatau me ētahi atu hangarau hei hanga hangarau hou hei whakapai ake i te kaha o te waikura me te pānga maimoatanga, me te whakatutuki i ngā huringa kounga wai i roto i te maimoatanga waipara rongoā nui ake.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, te whakakorikori whakaahua ultrasonic, te whakakorikori whakaahua waro whakahohe, te whakakorikori whakaahua ngaruiti me te whakakorikori whakaahua, me ētahi atu. I tēnei wā, ko ngā hangarau whakakotahitanga ozone e tino rangahauhia ana ko [36]:
Ko te tukanga waro whakahohe ozone, O3-H2O2 me te UV-O3, mai i te pānga maimoatanga o te wai para ātete me te tono hangarau, he nui ake te kaha ki te whakawhanake i te O3-H2O2 me te UV-O3.
Ko te tukanga whakakotahitanga Fenton e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tikanga Fenton moroiti-hiko, te tikanga whakakōkī rino H2O2, te tikanga Fenton whakaahua-matū (pēnei i te tikanga Fenton rā, te tikanga UV-Fenton, me ētahi atu), engari he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te tikanga Fenton hiko.
Te pikitia
3. Hangarau maimoatanga matū koiora
Ko te hangarau maimoatanga koiora te hangarau matua o te maimoatanga waipara, mā te tipu o ngā moroiti, te pākia o te tinana, te whakaputa uri me ētahi atu tukanga hei wawahi i ngā mea rauropi i roto i te waipara, hei whiwhi i te pūngao e hiahiatia ana, hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te tango i ngā mea rauropi.
3.1 Hangarau maimoatanga koiora anaerobic
Ko te hangarau maimoatanga koiora anaerobic kei roto i te ngaro o te taiao hāora ngota, te whakamahi i te pākia o ngā huakita anaerobic, mā te tukanga o te waikawa hydrolytic, te hanga hauwai waikawa acetic me te hanga methane me ētahi atu tukanga hei huri i ngā macromolecules, he uaua ki te whakaheke i ngā mea waro ki te CH4, CO2, H2O me ngā mea waro ngota iti.
He maha ngā matū waro ātete-hurihuri kei roto i ngā wai para rongoā hangai, kāore e taea te whakangaro tika me te whakamahi e ngā huakita aerobic, nō reira kua noho ko te hangarau maimoatanga anaerobic o nāianei hei huarahi matua i roto i te mara o te maimoatanga wai para rongoā i te kāinga me tāwāhi [43].
He maha ngā painga o te hangarau maimoatanga koiora anaerobic: kāore e hiahiatia he hauhautanga mō te tukanga whakahaere o te tauhohenga anaerobic, he iti te whakapaunga pūngao;
He nui te kawenga rauropi o te wai hauā kore-hauora i te nuinga o te wā.
He iti ngā whakaritenga matūkai;
He iti te hua paru o te tauhohenga anaerobic, ā, he ngāwari te maroke o te paru.
Ka taea te hangarua i te methane i puta mai i te tukanga anaerobic hei pūngao.
Heoi, kāore e taea te tuku i te para korehau ki te paerewa, ā, me tukatuka anō mā te whakakotahi me ētahi atu tukanga. Heoi, he tairongo te hangarau maimoatanga koiora korehau ki te uara pH, te pāmahana me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Mena he nui te piki me te heke, ka pāngia tika te tauhohenga korehau, ā, ka pāngia te kounga o te para.
3.2 Hangarau maimoatanga koiora ā-hauora
Ko te hangarau maimoatanga koiora ā-hauora he hangarau maimoatanga koiora e whakamahi ana i te wetewete waikura me te whakakotahitanga o ngā huakita ā-hauora hei tango i ngā mea rauropi kua pakaru. I te wā e tipu ana, e pākia ana hoki ngā rauropi ā-hauora, ka mahia he maha o ngā whakaputanga, ka puta ai he paru whakahohe hou. Ka tukuna te paru whakahohe nui rawa atu mā te ahua o te paru toenga, ā, ka purea te wai para i te wā kotahi.

Ahumahi Matū MIT –IVY me4 ngā wheketeremō ngā tau 19， ngā taeWaengas & ngā takawaenga rongoā &ngā matū pai me ngā matū motuhake .WAEA (WhatsApp): 008613805212761 Ātene