Te whakapakari i te otinga totoka

1. Whakamāramatanga

He āhuatanga e rewa ai ngā huānga whakarewa i roto i te konganuku turanga hei whakaputa i tētahi taumata o te whakapiko whatunga, ā, ka whakanui ake i te kaha o te whakarewa.

2. Mātāpono

Ko ngā ngota matū kua rewa i roto i te wai totoka ka puta te whakapōturitanga o te whatunga, ka whakanui ake i te ātete o te nekehanga nekeneke, ka uaua te paheke, ā, ka whakanui ake i te kaha me te pakeke o te wai totoka koranu. Ko tēnei āhuatanga o te whakapakari i te konganuku mā te whakarewa i tētahi huānga matū hei hanga i tētahi wai totoka ka kiia ko te whakapakari i te wai totoka. Ina tika te kukū o ngā ngota matū, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kaha me te pakeke o te rauemi, engari kua heke tōna pakari me tōna kirihou.

3. Ngā āhuatanga whai mana

Ka nui ake te pānga whakapakari ina teitei ake te wāhanga ngota o ngā ngota matū wairewa, ka nui ake te pānga whakapakari, inā koa ka iti rawa te wāhanga ngota, ka nui ake te pānga whakapakari.

Ka nui ake te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā ngota wairewa me te rahi ngota o te konganuku turanga, ka nui ake te pānga whakakaha.

He nui ake te pānga whakapakari o ngā ngota matūriki i waenganui i ngā ngota matūriki i ngā ngota whakakapinga, ā, nā te mea he kore taurite te whakapiko o ngā ngota matūriki i roto i ngā tioata poraka tinana-pokapū, he nui ake tō rātou pānga whakapakari i tērā o ngā tioata poraka mata-pokapū; engari he iti rawa te wairewatanga totoka o ngā ngota matūriki, nō reira he iti hoki te pānga whakapakari tuturu.

Ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga o te maha o ngā irahiko valence i waenga i ngā ngota wairewa me te konganuku turanga, ko te kitea nuitia ake o te pānga whakapakari o te otinga totoka, arā, ka piki ake te kaha whakaputa o te otinga totoka i te pikinga ake o te kukū o te irahiko valence.

4. Ko te nui o te whakapakari o te wairewa totoka e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei

Te rerekētanga o te rahi i waenga i ngā ngota matrix me ngā ngota solute. Ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te rahi, ka nui ake te pokanoa ki te hanganga tioata taketake, ā, ka uaua ake te paheke o te nekehanga.

Te nui o ngā huānga whakarewa. Ka nui ake ngā huānga whakarewa e tāpirihia ana, ka nui ake te pānga whakapakari. Mēnā he nui rawa, he iti rawa rānei ngā ngota, ka hipa te wairewatanga. Kei roto i tēnei tētahi atu tikanga whakapakari, arā, te whakapakari i te āhua marara.

He nui ake te pānga whakapakari o ngā ngota matūrewa i waenganui i ngā ngota matūrewa i ngā ngota whakakapinga.

Ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te maha o ngā irahiko valence i waenga i ngā ngota wairewa me te konganuku turanga, ka nui ake te hiranga o te pānga whakapakari i te wairewa totoka.

5. Pānga

He kaha ake te kaha tuku, te kaha kume me te pakeke i ngā konganuku parakore;

I te nuinga o te wā, he iti iho te ngāwari o te whakarewa i tērā o te konganuku parakore;

He iti iho te kawe hiko i te konganuku parakore;

Ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete ngokingoki, te ngaronga rānei o te kaha i ngā pāmahana tiketike, mā te whakapakari i te wai totoka.

Te whakapakeketanga o te mahi

1. Whakamāramatanga

I te pikinga ake o te rerekētanga makariri, ka piki ake te kaha me te pakeke o ngā rauemi whakarewa, engari ka heke te kirihou me te pakari.

2. Whakataki

He āhuatanga e piki ake ai te kaha me te pakeke o ngā rauemi whakarewa ina whakapōturitia te āhua kirihou i raro i te pāmahana whakakōtuitanga anō, ā, ka heke te āhua kirihou me te pakari. E mōhiotia ana ko te whakapakeketanga mahi matao. Ko te take, ina whakapōturitia te āhua kirihou o te whakarewa, ka paheke ngā kirikiri karu, ka pōkaikaha ngā nekehanga, ka roa ake, ka whati, ka whakapūpū ngā kirikiri karu, ā, ka puta he ahotea toenga i roto i te whakarewa. Ko te nui o te whakapakeketanga mahi ka whakaatuhia i te ōwehenga o te pakeketanga moroiti o te paparanga mata i muri i te tukatuka ki tērā i mua i te tukatuka me te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakapakeke.

3. Te whakamārama mai i te tirohanga a te ariā nekehanga

(1) Ka puta te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā nekehanga, ā, ka āraihia te nekehanga o ngā nekehanga e ngā tapahi ka puta;

(2) Ka puta he tauhohenga i waenga i ngā nekehanga, ā, ka ārai te nekehanga pumau kua hangaia i te nekehanga o te nekehanga;

(3) Ka puta te horapa o ngā nekehanga nekenekehanga, ā, mā te pikinga ake o te kiato nekehanga nekenekehanga ka nui ake te ātete ki te nekehanga nekenekehanga.

4. Te kino

Ka uaua te tukatuka i ngā wāhanga whakarewa i te wā e whakapakeketia ana. Hei tauira, i te tukanga hurihuri matao o te pereti maitai, ka uaua haere te hurihuri, nō reira me whakarite he whakamahana waenga i te wā tukatuka kia kore ai e whakapakeketia mā te whakamahana. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te hanga i te mata o te mea mahi kia pakarukaru, kia mārō hoki i te wā tapahi, kia tere ake ai te mau o te taputapu, kia nui ake ai te kaha tapahi.

5. Ngā Painga

Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu o ngā konganuku, inā koa mō ngā konganuku parakore me ētahi koranu kāore e taea te whakapai ake mā te whakamahana. Hei tauira, ko te waea maitai kaha-teitei e tōia ana i te makariri me te puna takai-makariri, me ētahi atu, ka whakamahi i te āhua mahi makariri hei whakapai ake i tōna kaha me te rohe ngāwari. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te whakamahinga o te whakapakeketanga mahi hei whakapai ake i te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu o ngā tāke, ngā ara tarakihana, ngā kauae kuru me ngā kokonga rerewē.

6. Tūranga i roto i te hangarau miihini

I muri i te tuhi makariri, te hurihuri me te pupuhi (tirohia te whakapakari mata) me ētahi atu tukanga, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha o te mata o ngā rauemi whakarewa, ngā wāhanga me ngā wae;

I muri i te taumahatanga o ngā wāhanga, ka nui ake te taumahatanga ā-rohe o ētahi wāhanga i te rohe tuku o te rauemi, ka puta te āhua kirihou. Nā te whakapakeketanga o te mahi, ka whakawhāitihia te whanaketanga tonu o te āhua kirihou, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i te haumaru o ngā wāhanga me ngā wāhanga;

Ina tāia he wāhanga whakarewa, he wāhanga rānei, ka haere tahi tōna āhua kirihou me te whakakaha, kia whakawhitia ai te āhua ki te wāhanga kāore anō kia mahihia, kua whakapakeketia hoki i tōna taha. Whai muri i ēnei mahi tauutuutu, ka taea te whiwhi i ngā wāhanga tā matao me te āhua whakawhiti-wāhanga ōrite;

Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te mahi tapahi o te maitai waro-iti, ā, ka māmā ake te wehewehe i ngā maramara. Engari he uaua anō hoki te tukatuka i ngā wāhanga whakarewa mā te whakapakeketanga mahi. Hei tauira, he nui te kaha e pau ana i te waea maitai e tōia ana i te makariri mō te tōia anō nā te whakapakeketanga mahi, ā, ka pakaru pea. Nō reira, me whakamahana kia kore ai e whakapakeketia i mua i te tōia. Ko tētahi atu tauira, kia pakarukaru ai, kia mārō ai te mata o te mea mahi i te wā e tapahia ana, ka whakanuia te kaha tapahi i te wā e tapahia anōtia ana, ā, ka tere ake te mau o te taputapu.

Te whakapakari i te witi pai

1. Whakamāramatanga

Ko te tikanga hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā rauemi whakarewa mā te whakamahine i ngā kirikiri ka kiia ko te whakapakari i te whakamahine i te kirikiri. I roto i te ahumahi, ka whakapai ake i te kaha o te rauemi mā te whakamahine i ngā kirikiri.

2. Mātāpono

Ko ngā konganuku he polycrystals i titoa mai i ngā momo kirikiri maha. Ka taea te whakaatu i te rahi o ngā kirikiri tioata mā te maha o ngā kirikiri tioata mō ia rōrahi. Mēnā he nui ake te maha, ka angiangi ake ngā kirikiri tioata. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau he nui ake te kaha, te pakeke, te kirihou me te pakari o ngā konganuku angiangi i te pāmahana rūma i ngā konganuku angiangi. Nā te mea ka pāngia ngā kirikiri angiangi e te āhua kirihou i raro i te kaha o waho, ā, ka taea te marara ki roto i ngā kirikiri maha atu, he ōrite ake te āhua kirihou, ā, he iti ake te kukū ahotea; hei tāpiri, ki te angiangi ake ngā kirikiri, ka nui ake te rohe o te kirikiri, ā, ka nui ake te piko o ngā rohe kirikiri. Ka kino ake te horapa o ngā kapiti. Nō reira, ko te tikanga whakapai ake i te kaha o te rauemi mā te whakamahine i ngā kirikiri tioata ka kiia ko te whakapakari i te whakamahine kirikiri i roto i te umanga.

3. Pānga

Ko te iti o te rahi o te kōpura, ko te iti ake o te maha o ngā hekenga (n) i roto i te tautau hekenga. E ai ki te τ=nτ0, ko te iti ake o te kukū ahotea, ko te teitei ake o te kaha o te rauemi;

Ko te ture whakapakari o te whakapakari i te kōhatu pai, ko te nui ake o ngā rohe kōhatu, ko te pai ake o ngā kōhatu. E ai ki te whanaungatanga Hall-Peiqi, ko te iti ake o te uara toharite (d) o ngā kōhatu, ko te teitei ake o te kaha whakaputa o te rauemi.

4. Te tikanga o te whakapai ake i te witi

Whakanuia te taumata o te whakamatao i raro i te rangi;

Te rongoā mō te pirau;

Te wiri me te whakaoho;

Mō ngā konganuku kua piro-matao, ka taea te whakamahine i ngā pata tioata mā te whakahaere i te nui o te piro-matao me te pāmahana whakamahana.

Te whakapakari i te wāhanga tuarua

1. Whakamāramatanga

Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā koranu kotahi-wāhanga, he wāhanga tuarua anō tō ngā koranu maha-wāhanga hei tāpiri atu ki te wāhanga matihiko. Ina tohatohahia te wāhanga tuarua ki roto i te wāhanga matihiko me ngā matūriki marara pai, ka nui te pānga whakapakari. Ka kiia tēnei pānga whakapakari ko te whakapakari wāhanga tuarua.

2. Whakarōpūtanga

Mō te nekehanga o ngā nekehanga, ko te wāhanga tuarua kei roto i te koranu he rite ki ēnei āhuatanga e rua:

(1) Te whakapakari i ngā matūriki kāore e taea te whakarerekē (tikanga karo).

(2) Te whakapakari i ngā matūriki ka taea te whakarerekē (tikanga tapahi).

He tauira motuhake te whakapakari marara me te whakapakari ua mō te whakapakari wāhanga tuarua.

3. Pānga

Ko te take matua mō te whakapakari i te wāhanga tuarua ko te taunekeneke i waenganui i a rātou me te nekehanga, e aukati ana i te nekehanga o te nekehanga me te whakapai ake i te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga o te koranu.

hei whakarāpopototanga

Ko ngā mea tino nui e pā ana ki te kaha ko te hanganga, te hanganga me te āhua o te mata o te rauemi tonu; ko te tuarua ko te āhua o te kaha, pērā i te tere o te kaha, te tikanga uta, te totoro ngāwari, te kaha auau rānei, ka whakaatu i ngā kaha rerekē; Hei tāpiri, he nui te awe o te āhua me te rahi o te tauira me te rauemi whakamātautau, i ētahi wā ka whakatau. Hei tauira, ka heke tere te kaha kume o te maitai tino kaha i roto i te hau hauwai.

E rua noa ngā huarahi hei whakapakari i ngā rauemi whakarewa. Ko tētahi ko te whakanui ake i te kaha hononga ā-atomika o te koranu, te whakanui ake i tōna kaha ariā, me te whakarite i tētahi tioata katoa kāore he hapa, pērā i ngā ūpoko. E mōhiotia ana ko te kaha o ngā ūpoko rino e tata ana ki te uara ariā. Ka taea te whakaaro koinei te take nā te mea kāore he nekehanga i roto i ngā ūpoko, he iti noa iho rānei ngā nekehanga kāore e taea te horapa i te wā o te tukanga whakarerekētanga. Engari, ina nui ake te diameter o te ūpoko, ka heke tere te kaha. Ko tētahi atu huarahi whakapakari ko te whakauru i te maha o ngā hapa tioata ki roto i te tioata, pērā i ngā nekehanga, ngā hapa ira, ngā ngota rerekē, ngā rohe kōhatu, ngā matūriki tino marara, ngā koretake rānei (pērā i te wehewehenga), me ētahi atu. Ka ārai ēnei hapa i te nekehanga o ngā nekehanga, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te kaha o te whakarewa. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā meka koinei te huarahi tino whai hua ki te whakanui ake i te kaha o ngā konganuku. Mō ngā rauemi hangarau, ko te tikanga mā roto i ngā pānga whakapakari whānui hei whakatutuki i te mahi whānui pai ake.