I muri i te tata ki te rautau o te whanaketanga, kua riro te umanga matū o Haina hei whenua tino tere te tipu o te ao, ā, he poto ake te huringa ahumahi i tērā o te umanga matū i Ūropi, Amerika, Hapani me Kōrea ki te Tonga. I Ūropi, Amerika me ētahi atu whenua, he torutoru noa ngā tau e pau ana ki te tae ki te taumata tauine, ā, kua tata te mutunga o te umanga matū o Haina. Ko te rerekētanga, i muri i te taumata tauine nui o te umanga matū i Ūropi me Amerika, ka piki tere te maha o ngā hua matū pai e tautokona ana e te hangarau teitei, i Haina ia, nā te iti o te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka piki haere te nui o ngā matū pai e tukuna ana ki te mākete.

I roto i ngā tau 5-10 e whai ake nei, ka mutu te tukanga nui o te umanga matū o Haina, ā, ka tere ake te tukanga whanaketanga pai. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā umanga rangahau ā-rohe, inā koa ko ērā e hono ana ki ngā umanga matua, kei te whakanui ake i ā rātou haumitanga ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga o ngā matū pai.

Mō te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā matū pai i Haina, ko te tuatahi ko te rangahau tukatuka hohonu e whakamahi ana i ngā warowaihā waro-iti hei rauemi mata, ā, ko te nuinga o te rangahau e aro ana ki ngā takawaenga rongoā, ngā takawaenga patu pepeke me ētahi atu mara. Tuarua, mō te tukatuka hohonu me te whakamahi i ngā warowaihā polycarbon, ā ...

I runga i te utu, ko te whakawhānui i te umanga matū pai o ngā rauemi mata waro-iti te huarahi whakaputa me te rangahau iti rawa te utu. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao i Haina e kaha ana ki te whakawhānui i te rangahau o te umanga matū pai waro-iti waro. Ko ngā hua matua ko te whakawhānui matū pai o te mekameka umanga isobutylene me te whakawhānui matū pai o te mekameka umanga aniline.

E ai ki te rangahau tuatahi, kua whakaroahia te mekameka ahumahi o ngā matū pai neke atu i te 50 i raro i te isobutene parakore teitei, ā, kua teitei ake te tere o te whakatikatika mekameka ahumahi o ngā hua o raro. Neke atu i te 60 ngā momo matū pai o te aniline e whakaroahia ana e te mekameka ahumahi o raro, he maha ngā huarahi tono o raro.

I tēnei wā, ko te aniline te nuinga e hangaia ana mā te hauwaitanga catalytic o te nitrobenzene, arā, ko te hauwaitanga o te waikawa hauota, te hauwai me te benzene parakore hei rauemi mata. Ka whakamahia i raro i te wai i roto i ngā mara o te MDI, ngā tāpiri rapa, ngā tae me ngā takawaenga hauora, ngā tāpiri penehīni me ētahi atu. Kāore e taea te whakaranu i te benzene parakore i roto i ngā umanga hanga hinu me te matū ki ngā hua hinu, e whakatairanga ana i te whakawhānui me te whakamahi i te mekameka ahumahi o raro o te benzene parakore, kua waiho hei arotahi o te umanga rangahau me te whanaketanga matū.

E ai ki ngā ahumahi rerekē e whakamahia ana ngā hua o te p-aniline, ka taea te wehewehe ki ēnei ahumahi e whai ake nei: Tuatahi, ko te whakamahinga i roto i te mara o te whakatere rapa me te antioxidant, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā momo hua e rima, arā, ko te p-aminobenzidine, te hydroquinone, te diphenylamine, te cyclohexylamine me te dicyclohexylamine. Ko te nuinga o ēnei hua aniline e whakamahia ana i roto i te mara o te rapa antioxidant, pērā i te p-amino diphenylamine ka taea te whakaputa antioxidant 4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D, me ētahi atu.

Ko te kai i roto i te mara o te whakatere rapa me te antioxidant he huarahi kai nui o te aniline i raro i te mara o te rapa, e neke atu ana i te 11% o te kai katoa o te aniline i raro i te mara, ko ngā hua matua ko te p-aminobenzidine me te hydroquinone.

I roto i ngā matū diazo, mā te whakamahi i te aniline me te nitrate me ētahi atu hua, ko ngā hua ka taea te whakaputa ko te p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, p-hydroxyaniline, p-hydroxyazobenzene, phenylhydrazine, fluorobenzene me ētahi atu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei hua i roto i ngā mara o ngā tae, ngā rongoā me ngā takawaenga patupatu. Ko ngā hua matua ko: te p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, he tae azo hangai, he tae reo um, he tae marara, e whakamahia ana hoki i roto i te hanga peita me te tae me te tohu, me ētahi atu. E whakamahia ana te P-hydroxyaniline i roto i te hanga o te sulphide blue FBG, te waikawa ngoikore kōwhai kanapa 5G me ētahi atu tae, te hanga o te paracetamol, te antamine me ētahi atu rongoā, e whakamahia ana hoki i roto i te hanga o te kaiwhakawhanake, te antioxidant me ētahi atu.

I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā matū aniline e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga tae o Haina ko te p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride me te p-hydroxyaniline, e 1% pea te nui o te aniline e whakamahia ana i te hekenga o te tau, he huarahi tono nui tēnei mō ngā matū hauota i te hekenga o te aniline, ā, he huarahi nui anō hoki tēnei mō te rangahau hangarau o te umanga o nāianei.

Ko tētahi atu whakamahinga nui o te aniline i raro iho ko te whakahāngaitanga o te aniline, pērā i te hanga o te p-iodoaniline, o-chloroaniline, 2.4.6-trichloraniline, n-acetoacetaniline, n-formylaniline, phenylurea, diphenylurea, phenylthiourea me ētahi atu hua. Nā te nui o ngā hua whakahāngaitanga o te aniline, e kiia ana i te tīmatanga he tata ki te 20 ngā momo, kua waiho hei huarahi nui mō te whakawhānui ake i te mekameka ahumahi matū pai o raro iho o te aniline.

Ko tētahi atu tauhohenga nui o te aniline ko te tauhohenga whakaiti, pērā i te aniline me te hauwai hei whakaputa i te cyclohexamine, te aniline me te waikawa whanariki kukū me te houra hei whakaputa i te bicyclohexane, te aniline me te waikawa whanariki me te whanariki trioxide hei whakaputa i te waikawa p-aminobenzene sulfonic. He nui ngā mea tāpiri e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei momo tauhohenga, ā, kāore i te nui te maha o ngā hua o muri mai, e kiia ana he tata ki te rima momo hua.

 I roto i ēnei, pērā i te waikawa p-aminobenzene sulfonic, te hanga tae azo, te whakamahi hei matū tohutoro, hei matū whakamātautau me te matū tātari chromatography, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei patupatu hei ārai i te waikura witi. Ko te Dicyclohexamine, he mea whakarite i ngā takawaenga tae, me ngā patupatu kakahu waikura witi, me te whakarite i ngā mea kakara me ētahi atu.

He tino uaua ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga whakaiti o te aniline. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ēnei kei roto i ngā taiwhanga me ngā wāhanga whakaputa iti i Haina, ā, he iti rawa te ōwehenga kai. Ehara i te mea koinei te huarahi matua o te whakawhānui i te mekameka ahumahi matū pai o te aniline.

Ko te whakawhānui ake i te mekameka ahumahi matū pai e whakamahi ana i te aniline hei rauemi mata ko te tauhohenga arylation, te tauhohenga alkylation, te tauhohenga oxidation me te nitrification, te tauhohenga cyclization, te tauhohenga condensation aldehyde me te tauhohenga huinga matatini. Ka taea e te aniline te whai wāhi ki ngā tauhohenga matū maha, ā, he maha ngā tono o muri mai.