He umanga takawaenga rongoā me te matū a MIT-Ivy Industry e whakauru ana i te whakaputa, te hoko me te rangahau pūtaiao. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakaputa matatau me te hangarau whakaputa, ka mau tonu ā mātou hononga mahi tahi pai ki ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao me ngā whare wānanga nui me te reo. Ko te nuinga o ā mātou mahi he whakaputa me te hoko i tētahi raupapa takawaenga rongoā, inā koa ko te rongoā i ngā rongoā anti-AIDS, cardiovascular me te cerebrovascular, me te tautoko i ngā takawaenga o ngā rongoā anti-inflammatory. Ko ngā hua o te sodium azide, triphenyl chloromethane, L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride ka hokona ki te kāinga me tāwāhi.1. Te Whakataki i ngā takawaenga rongoāKo ngā takawaenga rongoā e pā ana ki ngā hua takawaenga pēnei i ngā rauemi mata, ngā rauemi me ngā mea tāpiri e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakaputanga o ngā hua rongoā. Inaa, he rauemi mata matū, he hua matū rānei i roto i te tukanga hanga rongoā.Ko te pikitiaMe whakaae ngā kaihanga o ngā rongoā rangatira me ngā matū rongoā hohe ki te tiwhikete GMP. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana ngā takawaenga rongoā i roto i te whakaputanga rongoā, ko te hanga me te whakaputanga o ngā rauemi mata matū anake. Koinei ngā hua tino taketake me ngā hua tino iti rawa i roto i te mekameka whakaputa rongoā, ā, kāore e taea te kī he rongoā, nō reira kāore e hiahiatia he tiwhikete GMP. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā takawaenga rongoā i roto i ngā tipu matū noa, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te hanganga o ngā hua rongoā i ētahi taumata. Ka whakaitihia hoki e tēnei te paepae whakauru o te ahumahi mō ngā kaihanga takawaenga. Ko te pikitia2. Te Tauine o te Ahumahi Takawaenga RongoāMe te whakatikatika i te hanganga ahumahi, te whakawhiti whakaputa ā-motu me te whakapai ake i te wehenga mahi ā-ao o ngā kamupene rongoā nui o te ao, kua noho a Haina hei turanga whakaputa takawaenga nui i roto i te wehenga mahi ā-ao o te ahumahi rongoā.E ai ki te Pūrongo Rangahau mō te Whakawhanaketanga o te Ahumahi Takawaenga Rongoā o Haina (2016), mai i te tau 2011 ki te 2015, i piki ake te ahumahi takawaenga rongoā o Haina me tōna uara putanga katoa i ia tau, me te tere tipu ā-tau tata ki te 13.5%.I roto i ēnei, ko te uara putanga katoa o ngā takawaenga rongoā i Haina i eke ki te 422.56 piriona yuan i te tau 2015, he pikinga o te 9.88% i ia tau.I eke te putanga ahumahi ki te 17.2 miriona tana, he pikinga 10.26 ōrau i ia tau.Ko te uara putanga o te ahumahi takawaenga rongoā i Haina ka tata ki te kotahi tiriona yuan i te tau 2020.Ko te pikitia3. Ngā āhuatanga ahumahi o ngā takawaenga rongoā Kei te hiahia nui te umanga ki te arotau me te whakapai ake: Kei te iti tonu te taumata hangarau whānui o Haina, ā, he iti noa ngā umanga e whakaputa ana i te maha o ngā takawaenga rongoā matatau me ngā takawaenga tautoko mō ngā rongoā hou kua patenttia, kei roto i te wāhanga whanaketanga o te arotautanga hanganga hua me te whakapai ake. Ko ētahi umanga anake he kaha rangahau me te whanaketanga kaha, he whare whakaputa matatau me te wheako whakaputa nui ka taea te whiwhi hua nui i roto i te whakataetae. Tauine pakihi pumau: Ko ngā kaihanga nui e whakamahi ana i te whakaputa ritenga hei tauira pakihi matua. I raro i te tauira whakaputa ritenga, he pumau te whanaungatanga mahi tahi i waenga i ngā kiritaki nui me ngā kaiwhakarato, ā, ko te tata o te mahi tahi, ko te teitei ake o te tohu whakawhirinaki, ā, ko te nui ake o ngā kāwai mahi tahi e whakaratohia ana e ngā kiritaki nui. Ka roa te wā ki te whakawhiti kaiwhakarato. Nō reira, hei pakihi pakari, ko ngā umanga takawaenga rongoā e aro nui ana ki ngā umanga rongoā rongonui o tāwāhi i tēnei wā. I te wā i uru ai te kamupene ki te pūnaha kaiwhakarato matua o ngā kamupene rongoā nunui, i mau tonu te tauine whakaputa me te tawhē hua katoa i te āhua pumau. Ko te kaweake iti-mutunga te nuinga: ko ngā rohe kaweake matua o ngā takawaenga rongoā i Haina ko te EU, Amerika Te Raki, Te Rawhiti o Waenganui, Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti, me ētahi atu. Ko te kaweake o tō tātou whenua e aro nui ana ki te huaora C, penicillin, acetaminophen, waikawa citric me ōna tote me ngā esters, pērā i ngā taonga, ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā hua ko te whakaputa hua, ko ngā umanga whakaputa, he kaha te whakataetae mākete, he iti te utu hua me te uara tāpiri, ko te whakaputanga papatipu o aua mea i hua ai te āhuatanga nui rawa o te mākete takawaenga rongoā ā-rohe. Ko ngā hua hangarau-teitei kei te kawemai tonu. Ngā umanga iti me te rahi-waenga: ko ngā umanga whakaputa he umanga tūmataiti te nuinga, he mahi ngāwari, he iti te tauine haumi, ko te nuinga i waenga i te miriona ki te tekau, te rua tekau rānei miriona yuan. Ko te kukū ā-rohe: ko te tohatoha ā-rohe o ngā umanga whakaputa he tino kukū, huri noa i ētahi wheketere rongoā nui, e tohatohahia ana ki Taizhou, Zhejiang me Jintan, Jiangsu hei pokapū o te rohe. Kua tino tere te whanaketanga o Zhejiang Huangyan, Taizhou, Nanjing Jintan, Shijiazhuang, Jinan (tae atu ki a Zibo), te raki-mā-rāwhiti (Siping, Fushun) me ētahi atu rohe he pai ngā āhuatanga mō te whanaketanga o ngā takawaenga rongoā. Whakahōu tere hua: kei te mākete te hua i muri i te 3 ki te 5 tau, ka tino heke te reiti hua, ka akiaki i ngā umanga ki te whakawhanake tonu i ngā hua hou, ki te whakapai tonu rānei i te tukanga whakaputa, kia mau tonu ai te hua whakaputa teitei. Whakataetae kaha: nā te mea he teitei ake te hua whakaputa o ngā takawaenga rongoā i ērā o ngā hua matū, ā, he rite tonu te tukanga whakaputa o ngā mea e rua, he maha ake ngā umanga matū iti e uru atu ana ki te hanga takawaenga rongoā, ka hua ake te whakataetae kino i roto i te umanga. Ngā momo takawaenga rongoāHe maha ngā momo takawaenga rongoā, tae atu ki ngā takawaenga cephalosporin, ngā raupapa tiaki waikawa amino, ngā takawaenga huaora, ngā takawaenga quinolone, me ētahi atu momo takawaenga, pērā i ngā takawaenga patu huakita hauora, ngā takawaenga rongoā antiepileptic, ngā takawaenga fluoropyridine, ngā takawaenga rongoā steroid, me ētahi atu. E ai ki ā rātou mara tono, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei ki ngā takawaenga rongoā paturopi, ngā takawaenga rongoā antipyretic me te analgesic, ngā takawaenga rongoā pūnaha cardiovascular, ngā takawaenga rongoā anti-matepukupuku me ētahi atu. I tēnei wā, e rau pea ngā hua takawaenga rongoā, ā, kei te auaha tonu, ka hanga he maha ngā ahumahi ngota pai i roto i te umanga takawaenga rongoā.He maha ngā momo takawaenga rongoā motuhake.Pērā i te imidazole, te furan, ngā takawaenga phenolic, ngā takawaenga kakara, te pyrrole, te pyridine, ngā tauhohenga matū koiora, te whanariki, te hauota, ngā pūhui halogen, ngā pūhui heterocyclic, te microcrystalline cellulose, te māngaro, te mannitol, te lactose, te dextrin, te ethylene glycol, te huka paura, ngā tote inorganic, ngā takawaenga ethanol, te waikawa stearic, te waikawa amino me te ethanol amine. te tote, te sylvite, te tote konutai me ētahi atu takawaenga, me ērā atu mea. Te pikitia5. Te Pātene Mai i te tau 2000, kua tere tonu te tipu o te mākete rongoā whānui i te mākete rongoā whānui, neke atu i te rua te tere o te tipu i ngā rongoā kua pātenetia. E matapaetia ana ka eke te mākete rongoā whānui o te ao ki te $180 piriona i te tau 2013, ā, ko te CAGR o te mākete rongoā whānui o te ao mai i te tau 2005 ki te 2013 e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te 14.7%. E matapaetia ana ka piki te mākete rongoā whānui o te ao mā te 10% ki te 14% i roto i ngā tau e rima e whai ake nei, he tere ake i te tipu e matapaetia ana mō te umanga rongoā katoa o te 4% ki te 6%. Ka taea te whakatau ko te whanaketanga o te mākete rongoā whānui ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te umanga takawaenga rongoā. Mai i te tau 2010 ki te 2020, ka puta mai i te mākete rongoā o te ao he ngaru o te tai teitei o te paunga o te Pātene, i roto i ēnei, mai i te tau 2013 ki te 2020, ka neke atu i te 200 ngā momo paunga o te Pātene o te ao i ia tau, e mōhiotia ana ko te "Pātene Pātene" i te ao. I te tau 2014, ka eke te tihi o te rongoā pātene. te paunga, ka eke ki te tihi i te tau 2014, me te katoa o ngā rongoā pateni e 326 ka pau. Ko te tau 2010 me te 2017 ngā tau tihi e rua, me te 205 me te 242 ngā rongoā pateni ka pau. Ko ngā rongoā kua pau ko ngā rongoā ārai-mate, endocrine, pūnaha io me te ngakau, he nui te rahi o te mākete. Mā te paunga nui o ngā rongoā pateni o tāwāhi ka kawea mai he whakakorikori hou ki te umanga takawaenga rongoā i Haina. Nā te mea i muri i te paunga o ngā rongoā pateni, ka pahū te hanga o ngā rongoā whānui e pā ana, ka akiaki i te tipu tere o te hiahia mō ngā takawaenga rongoā e pā ana. Ko te pikitia6. Pēhanga taiao Kua riro kē a Haina hei kaihoko nui o ngā takawaenga API, me te mea nui hoki hei kaiwhakakino. Nō te umanga matū pai ngā kaihanga takawaenga rongoā, ā, ka pāngia e te mōrearea parahanga. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te Manatū Tiaki Taiao, ko te uara putanga katoa o te umanga rongoā ā-rohe he iti iho i te 3 ōrau o te GDP o te whenua, engari ko te tapeke o ngā tukunga parahanga e eke ana ki te 6 ōrau. I roto i ngā momo rongoā katoa, ko te API e tohuhia ana e ngā huaora me te penicillin nō te umanga parahanga nui me te nui o te kai pūngao, e tino poke ana i te hau me te wai. E ai ki te whakatinanatanga kotahi o te Manatū Tiaki Taiao, i te 15 o Pēpuere, 2017, i panuitia e te rōpū tirotiro motuhake mō te kounga o te hau i te hauwhā tuatahi o te tau 2017 kāore te kawe pehanga i Shijiazhuang i te wāhi, ā, ko te kāwanatanga taumata-kāwanatanga kei te nuinga o te wā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kaimahi o te Tari Tiaki Taiao i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te mahere ohorere mō te parahanga taumaha, i te mea kāore ētahi atu tari i uru ki te taumata teitei. Ko te parahanga o ngā umanga iti me te rahi e whakaputa ana i ngā takawaenga rongoā i Shijiazhuang kei te he nui te kino. Ko ngā umanga rongoā me ngā hangarau whakamuri ka pikau i ngā utu whakahaere parahanga nui me te pēhanga ture, ā, ko ngā umanga rongoā tuku iho e whakaputa ana i te parahanga nui, te whakapau kaha nui me ngā hua iti-tāpiri (pēnei i te penicillin, huaora, me ētahi atu) ka tere te whakakore. Ko te piri ki te auahatanga tukatuka me te whakawhanake i te hangarau rongoā matomato kua waiho hei huarahi whanaketanga ā-muri o te umanga takawaenga rongoā. Ko te pikitia
7. Ngā kaiārahi ahumahi
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