He tae wairewa-wai ngā tae waikawa, ngā tae tika, me ngā tae tauhohe. Ko te putanga i te tau 2001 he 30,000 tana, 20,000 tana, me te 45,000 tana. Heoi, mō te wā roa, kua aro nui ake ngā umanga tae o tōku whenua ki te whakawhanaketanga me te rangahau i ngā tae hanganga hou, engari he ngoikore te rangahau mō te tukatuka-muri o ngā tae. Ko ngā matū whakapūmau e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā tae wairewa-wai ko te konutai whanariki (konutai whanariki), te dextrin, ngā matū māngaro, te sucrose, te urea, te naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, me ētahi atu. Ka whakaranua ēnei matū whakapūmau ki te tae taketake kia rite ki te ōwehenga hei whiwhi i te kaha e hiahiatia ana. Ko ēnei matū whakapūmau ka whakaranua ki te tae taketake kia whiwhi ai i te kaha e hiahiatia ana. Engari kāore e taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā tukanga tā me te tae rerekē i roto i te umanga tā me te tae. Ahakoa he iti te utu o ngā matū whakamākū tae kua whakahuatia ake nei, he iti te kaha ki te makuku me te wairewa-wai, he uaua ki te urutau ki ngā hiahia o te mākete o te ao, ā, ka taea anake te kaweake hei tae taketake. Nō reira, i roto i te hokohoko o ngā tae wairewa-wai, ko te ngāwari o te wairewa me te wairewatanga wai o ngā tae he take me whakatau wawe, ā, me whakawhirinaki ki ngā tāpiringa e pā ana.

Te maimoatanga whakamakuku tae
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakamakuku ko te whakakapinga o te wai (me he hau) i runga i te mata e tētahi atu wai. Ina koa, ko te atanga paura, te kirikiri rānei me noho hei atanga hau/totoka, ā, ko te tukanga whakamakuku ko te wā e whakakapia ai te hau i runga i te mata o ngā matūriki e te wai (wai). Ka kitea ko te whakamakuku he tukanga ā-tinana i waenga i ngā matū i runga i te mata. I muri i te maimoatanga o te tae, he mea nui te whakamakuku. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tukatukahia te tae ki te āhua totoka, pērā i te paura, te kirikiri rānei, me whakamakuku i te wā e whakamahia ana. Nō reira, ka pā tika te whakamakuku o te tae ki te pānga tono. Hei tauira, i te wā o te tukanga whakarewa, he uaua ki te whakamakuku i te tae, ā, he mea kore e hiahiatia te mānu i runga i te wai. I te whakapai tonu o ngā whakaritenga kounga tae i ēnei rā, kua noho te mahi whakamakuku hei tētahi o ngā tohu hei ine i te kounga o ngā tae. Ko te kaha o te mata o te wai he 72.75mN/m i te 20℃, e heke ana i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ko te kaha o te mata o ngā mea totoka kāore i te rerekē, i raro iho i te 100mN/m. Ko ngā konganuku me ō rātou waikura, ngā tote kore-waro, me ētahi atu, he ngāwari ki te mākū, e kiia ana he pūngao mata teitei. He rite te pūngao mata o ngā mea totoka me ngā polymer ki te pūngao mata o ngā wai whānui, e kiia ana he pūngao mata iti, engari ka rerekē me te rahi o te matūriki totoka me te nui o te porosity. Ko te iti o te rahi o te matūriki, ko te nui ake o te nui o te hanganga porosity, ā, ko te mata Ko te teitei ake o te pūngao, ko te rahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te papa. Nō reira, me iti te rahi o te matūriki o te tae. I muri i te tukatuka i te tae mā te tukatuka arumoni pēnei i te tote me te huri i roto i ngā momo pāpāho, ka angiangi ake te rahi o te matūriki o te tae, ka whakaitihia te tioata, ā, ka rerekē te āhua o te tioata, ka whakapai ake i te pūngao mata o te tae, ka āwhina hoki i te mākū.

Te maimoatanga wairewa o ngā tae waikawa
Mā te whakamahi i te ōwehenga kaukau iti me te hangarau tae tonu, kua piki haere tonu te taumata o te aunoatanga o te tā me te tae. Ko te putanga mai o ngā whakakī me ngā whakapiri aunoa, me te whakaurunga o ngā tae wai e hiahia ana kia whakaritea he wai tae me ngā whakapiri tā he nui te kukū me te pumau. Heoi, ko te wairewatanga o ngā tae waikawa, tauhohe me ngā tae tika i roto i ngā hua tae o te whare he tata ki te 100g/L noa iho, inā koa mō ngā tae waikawa. Ko ētahi momo he tata ki te 20g/L noa iho. Ko te wairewatanga o te tae e pā ana ki te hanganga ngota o te tae. Ko te teitei ake o te taumaha ngota me te iti ake o ngā rōpū waikawa sulfonic, ka iti ake te wairewatanga; ki te kore, ka teitei ake. Hei tāpiri, he mea tino nui te tukatuka arumoni o ngā tae, tae atu ki te tikanga tioata o te tae, te taumata o te huri, te rahi o te matūriki, te tāpiri i ngā tāpiringa, me ētahi atu, ka pā ki te wairewatanga o te tae. Ko te ngāwari ake o te wai ki te ionize, ko te teitei ake o tōna wairewatanga ki te wai. Heoi, ko te hokohoko me te whakapūmau i ngā tae tuku iho e ahu mai ana i te nui o ngā irahiko, pērā i te konutai whanariki me te tote. Mā te nui o te Na+ i roto i te wai ka whakaiti i te wairewatanga o te tae ki te wai. Nō reira, hei whakapai ake i te wairewatanga o ngā tae wairewa-wai, kaua e tāpirihia he irahiko ki ngā tae hokohoko i te tuatahi.

Ngā tāpiringa me te wairewatanga
⑴ Te matū waipiro me te whakarewa urea
Nā te mea he maha ngā rōpū waikawa sulfonic me ngā rōpū waikawa carboxylic kei roto i ngā tae wairewa-wai, ka ngāwari te wehewehe i ngā matūriki tae i roto i te wairewa, ā, he nui te utu kino kei a rātou. Ina tāpirihia te whakarewa tahi kei roto te rōpū hanga hononga hauwai, ka hangaia he paparanga tiaki o ngā katote waikura ki runga i te mata o ngā katote waikura, e whakatairanga ana i te ionization me te whakarewatanga o ngā ngota tae hei whakapai ake i te wairewatanga. Ko ngā polyols pērā i te diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana hei whakarewa āwhina mō ngā tae wairewa-waikura. Nā te mea ka taea e rātou te hanga hononga hauwai me te tae, ka hangaia e te mata o te katote waikura he paparanga tiaki o ngā katote waikura, e ārai ana i te whakakotahitanga me te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota tae, ā, e whakatairanga ana i te ionization me te wehewehenga o te tae.
⑵Kaiwhakarewa kore-ionic
Mā te tāpiri i tētahi matū kore-ionic ki te tae ka ngoikore te kaha here i waenga i ngā ngota tae me waenga i ngā ngota, ka tere ake te ionization, ā, ka hanga ngā ngota tae i ngā micelles ki roto i te wai, he pai te marara. Ka hanga ngā tae pōro i ngā micelles. Ka hanga e ngā ngota whakarewa he whatunga hototahi i waenga i ngā ngota hei whakapai ake i te wairewatanga, pērā i te polyoxyethylene ether, te ester rānei. Heoi, ki te kore he rōpū hydrophobic kaha o te ngota whakarewa tahi, ka ngoikore te pānga marara me te wairewatanga ki ngā micelle i hangaia e te tae, ā, kāore e tino piki ake te wairewatanga. Nō reira, ngana ki te whiriwhiri i ngā whakarewa kei roto ngā mowhiti kakara ka taea te hanga hononga hydrophobic ki ngā tae. Hei tauira, te alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, te polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, me ētahi atu pērā i te polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ kaiwhakarewa lignosulfonate
He nui te awe o te kaiwhakamarara ki te wairewatanga o te tae. Mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaiwhakamarara pai e ai ki te hanganga o te tae ka tino āwhina i te whakapai ake i te wairewatanga o te tae. I roto i ngā tae wairewa-wai, he mahi tāna ki te aukati i te mimiti tahi (te kaha van der Waals) me te whakakotahitanga i waenga i ngā ngota tae. Ko te lignosulfonate te kaiwhakamarara tino whai hua, ā, kei Haina ngā rangahau mō tēnei.
Kāore he rōpū wai-aroha kaha o te hanganga ngota o ngā tae marara, engari he rōpū pōro ngoikore anake, nō reira he ngoikore noa iho tōna wai-aroha, ā, he iti rawa te wairewa tuturu. Ko te nuinga o ngā tae marara ka rewa noa i roto i te wai i te 25℃. 1～10mg/L.
E pā ana te wairewatanga o ngā tae marara ki ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
Hanganga Ngota
"Ka piki ake te wairewatanga o ngā tae marara i roto i te wai i te mea ka heke te wāhanga hydrophobic o te ngota tae, ā, ka piki ake te wāhanga hydrophilic (te kounga me te rahinga o ngā rōpū polar). Arā, ka teitei ake te wairewatanga o ngā tae he iti te papatipu ngota whanaunga me ngā rōpū polar ngoikore pērā i te -OH me te -NH2. Ko ngā tae he nui ake te papatipu ngota whanaunga me te iti ake o ngā rōpū polar ngoikore he iti te wairewatanga. Hei tauira, ko te Whero Marara (I), ko tōna M=321, ko te wairewatanga he iti iho i te 0.1mg/L i te 25℃, ā, ko te wairewatanga he 1.2mg/L i te 80℃. Ko te Whero Marara (II), M=352, ko te wairewatanga i te 25℃ he 7.1mg/L, ā, ko te wairewatanga i te 80℃ he 240mg/L."
Kaiwhakamarara
I roto i ngā tae marara paura, ko te nui o ngā tae parakore he 40% ki te 60% te nuinga, ā, ko ētahi atu he mea whakamarara, he mea ātete puehu, he mea tiaki, he konutai whanariki, me ētahi atu. I roto i ēnei, he nui ake te ōwehenga o te mea whakamarara.
Ka taea e te kaiwhakamarara (kaihoko horapa) te pani i ngā kirikiri angiangi o te tae ki roto i ngā matūriki korori wai-aroha, ā, ka marara tonu ki roto i te wai. Kia hipa te kukū o ngā micelle matua, ka puta hoki ngā micelle, ka whakaiti i tētahi wāhanga o ngā kirikiri tae ririki. Ka rewa i roto i ngā micelle, ka puta te āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te "whakarewatanga", ā, ka piki ake te wairewatanga o te tae. Heoi anō, ko te pai ake o te kounga o te kaiwhakamarara me te teitei ake o te kukū, ko te nui ake o te pānga whakarewatanga me te wairewatanga.
Me mōhio he rerekē te pānga whakarewa o te kaiwhakarewa ki ngā tae marara o ngā hanganga rerekē, ā, he tino nui te rerekētanga; ka heke te pānga whakarewa o te kaiwhakarewa ki ngā tae marara i te pikinga ake o te pāmahana wai, he rite tonu ki te pānga o te pāmahana wai ki ngā tae marara. He ritenga kē te pānga o te whakarewatanga.
I muri i te hanganga o ngā matūriki tioata hydrophobic o te tae marara me te kaiwhakamarara i ngā matūriki colloidal hydrophilic, ka tino pai ake tōna pumau marara. Heoi anō, ko ēnei matūriki colloidal tae te mahi "whakarato" i ngā tae i te wā o te tukanga tae. Nā te mea i muri i te mimiti o ngā ngota tae i roto i te āhua rewa e te muka, ka tukuna te tae "kua rongoatia" i roto i ngā matūriki colloidal i te wā tika hei pupuri i te taurite rewa o te tae.
Te āhua o te tae marara i roto i te mararatanga
ngota 1-whakamarara
Kiriata 2-Tae (whakarewatanga)
Ngā micelle 3-whakamarara
Ngota kotahi 4-Tae (kua rewa)
Wiri 5-Tae
Pūtake lipophilic 6-whakamarara
Pūtake wai-whakamarara 7-whakamarara
8-konutai katote (Na+)
Ngā whakakotahitanga-9 o ngā tioata tae
Heoi, ki te nui rawa te "hononga" i waenga i te tae me te mea whakamarara, ka whakaroa te "tuku" o te ngota tae kotahi, ka nui ake rānei te "tuku i te hiahia". Nō reira, ka whakaiti tika i te tere tae, ka taurite hoki te ōrau tae, ka hua ake he puhoi te tae me te tae mārama.
Ka kitea i te wā e whiriwhiri ana, e whakamahi ana hoki i ngā matū whakamarara, ehara i te mea ko te pumau o te whakamararatanga o te tae anake me whai whakaaro, engari ko te awe hoki ki te tae o te tae.
(3) Te pāmahana o te otinga tae
Ka piki ake te wairewatanga o ngā tae marara ki te wai i te pikinga ake o te pāmahana wai. Hei tauira, ko te wairewatanga o te Kōwhai Marara i roto i te wai 80°C he 18 ngā wā i te 25°C. Ko te wairewatanga o te Whero Marara i roto i te wai 80°C he 33 ngā wā i te 25°C. Ko te wairewatanga o te Kikorangi Marara i roto i te wai 80°C he 37 ngā wā i te 25°C. Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o te wai i te 100°C, ka nui ake te wairewatanga o ngā tae marara.
Anei tētahi whakamaumaharatanga motuhake: ka puta mai he tūponotanga huna i roto i ngā mahi ā-ringa nā tēnei āhuatanga memeha o ngā tae marara. Hei tauira, ina werahia te wai tae i te kore ōrite, ka rere te wai tae i te pāmahana teitei ki te wāhi e iti ana te pāmahana. I te hekenga o te pāmahana wai, ka nui te mākū o te wai tae, ā, ka tau te tae kua memeha, ka tupu ake ngā kirikiri tae, ka heke te wairewa. , Ka iti ake te mimiti o te tae.
(whā) te āhua karaihe tae
Ko ētahi tae marara he āhuatanga "isomorphism". Arā, ko te tae marara kotahi, nā te rerekētanga o te hangarau marara i roto i te tukanga hanga, ka hanga i ētahi momo tioata, pērā i ngā ngira, ngā tokotoko, ngā maramara, ngā kirikiri, me ngā poraka. I roto i te tukanga tono, inā koa ka taehia i te 130°C, ka huri te āhua tioata kāore i te pumau ki te āhua tioata pumau.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko te āhua tioata pumau ake he nui ake te wairewatanga, ā, ko te āhua tioata iti ake te pumau he iti ake te wairewatanga. Ka pā tika tēnei ki te tere mimiti tae me te ōrau mimiti tae.
(5) Rahi o te matūriki
Ko te tikanga, he nui te wairewatanga o ngā tae he iti ngā matūriki, ā, he pai te pumau o te horapa. Ko ngā tae he nui ngā matūriki, he iti ake te wairewatanga, ā, he iti te pumau o te horapa.
I tēnei wā, ko te rahi o ngā matūriki o ngā tae marara o te kāinga he 0.5~2.0μm te nuinga (Kia mahara: ko te rahi o ngā matūriki o te tae tuku iho me 0.5~1.0μm).