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kamupene ahumahi mit-ivy
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Kia ora, ko te Tumuaki Athena tenei no te ahumahi mit-ivy mo te matū i Haina.
Takawaenga: Ko nga waikano takawaenga he peka tino nui o te umanga matū pai, a ko te whanaketanga tere o te ahumahi waikano e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whanaketanga o nga takawaenga e whai ana.
Ko te hanga o nga waikano me nga kai takawaenga i Haina kua tino whakawhanakehia mai i nga tau 1950. Na te kaha o te whakataetae i te maakete, ko nga waikano me nga takawaenga whakangao kua whakahoutia i roto i nga hangarau whakangao; he maha nga waahanga kua puta i a raatau penei i te whakawhanake momo hou, te whakapai ake i nga mahi whakaputa, te rangahau i nga tikanga hou, te whakamahi hou o nga momo tawhito, te tiaki i te taiao, me era atu, me te tango i nga hangarau ma mo te hanga waikano me nga kai takawaenga.
1
Te whakawhanaketanga o te whakamahi takawaenga

Ko te tikanga, he maha nga waahanga o te whakamahinga o te whanaketanga takawaenga, he momo takawaenga e whakamahia ana i roto i te waikano e kiia nei ko te waikano takawaenga, ka whakamahia ki te pesticides, ho'oraa me te kii pesticides, takawaenga rongoa. Ko nga kaiwawao ka kiia he peka o te umanga matū pai katoa, kaua e tino wehea ki nga takawaenga waikano, takawaenga pesticide, takawaenga rongoa ma te umanga, ka iti ake te whānuitanga o te whakamahi i etahi o nga takawaenga, ka pa ki o raatau whanaketanga.

Ko nga rangahau takawaenga matū pai e tohuhia ana e te maha o nga momo momo, hei taapiri atu ki etahi momo tauine whakangao he tino nui, ko te nuinga o nga momo tone kaore i te tino nui, engari he uaua te mahi whakarite, he maha nga tauhohenga o te waeine me te wehenga wehe. , i puta mai ano te maha o nga "toru para" me whakahaere tika. Na reira, me uru tatou ki te rangahau tukanga o nga hua raupapa me te whakarite i te hanga o nga takawaenga kia pai ai nga painga tauine.

Mai i nga ahuatanga o nga whenua kee, ko te rangahau me te whakaputanga o nga kaiwawao ka aro tika ki te whakatutuki i nga whakaputanga raupapa, ka taea e te huinga o nga taputapu whakangao te whakaputa maha ki te tekau ma rua nga momo takawaenga, penei te rangahau me te whakaputa na roto i te whanaketanga whanui, te whakamahi o Ko te hangarau hou he ngawari ake ki te whakatinana, ka eke ki te rua nga hua me te haurua o te kaha. Ko te ahuatanga o Japan ka taea mo taatau korero, ko te hanga taketake o nga takawaenga i Hapani he tino marara, mai i nga tau 1960 kua whitu nga wa ki te whakatika, arotahi.

Na roto i te panoni me te whanaketanga, kua eke te ahumahi tae me te whakangao o Haina ki te taumata teitei i runga i te taumata o te hangahanga, te hangarau me te taumata taputapu, e kore e taea anake te whakatutuki i nga hiahia o te whakawhanaketanga o te tae o te whare me te ahumahi whakangao, engari ka nui ake nga kaiwawao kounga. mo nga whenua ke.

Ko nga rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana mo te whakahiato o nga takawaenga ko te nuinga ka riro mai i nga hua o te hinu hinu me te umanga matū coking, ko te nuinga he benzene, naphthalene, pūhui anthraquinone, me etahi pūhui heterocyclic, me nga poaka pararopi kua oti te whakarite me nga pūhui heterocyclic kei runga. te pikinga o nga tau tata nei. I tua atu, phenanthrene, pyridine, hāora fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, raupapa biphenyl o pūhui, enei rauemi mata matatini tono ki te hanga o te waikano, ka te whakamahi o te rauemi raw waihanga ka nui ake te whanui me te noa.
2
Ko nga tauhohenga matū e whakamahia ana mo nga takawaenga

Ko te tukatuka o nga rawa mata ki te tae (tae) takawaenga o nga tauhohenga matū e whakamahia nuitia ana e whai ake nei.
(1) tauhohenga sulfonation
(2) Tauhohenga Nitration
(3) tauhohenga hauhautanga
(4) Tauhohenga whakaheke ki te whakarite amino
(5) Tauhohenga Diazotization (he maha tonu te haere tahi me te tauhohenga hono)
(6) tauhohenga ngongo alkali hei whakakapi i te roopu waikawa sulfonic ki te hydroxyl
(7) Tauhohenga acylation
(8) Tauhohenga waiora
(9) te tohe me te tauhohenga waro
(10) Tauhohenga Aromatization (te nuinga o te amino)
(11) te tauhohenga whakakapi tahi o nga roopu hydroxyl me te amino
(12) tauhohenga hydroxyl or amino hydrocarbonation
E ai ki te hanganga o te mowhiti kakara nui o nga takawaenga matū pai, ka taea te wehewehe i nga takawaenga ki te punaha aliphatic, te punaha benzene, te punaha naphthalene, te punaha anthraquinone, te punaha heterocyclic me te punaha mowhiti matotoru. Ka taea e to tatou whenua te whakaputa neke atu i te 400 nga momo takawaenga penei i te benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic me etahi atu tae me nga kaiwawao, ka taea te whakatutuki i nga hiahia whanaketanga o te tae me te ahumahi whakangao.
Pikitia
3
Ko nga momo matua o te punaha benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- me te p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine , N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- me te para-esters, etc.
4
Naphthalene-based intermediates momo matua

2-naphthol, H-waikawa, K-waikawa, 2,3-waikawa, 2,6-waikawa, waikawa tartaric, 6-nitro-1,2,4-waikawa oxygenate, J-waikawa, peri-waikawa, γ- waikawa, G-tote, R-tote, amino K-waikawa, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- waikawa, me etahi atu Ko nga momo matua o nga takawaenga-a-anthraquinone ko: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, etc.
5
Heterocyclic me te momo matua mowhiti matotoru

Melamine, waikawa barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, etc.