Hei wāhanga nui o te umanga rauemi hou, he mara hou te umanga rauemi matū hou, he nui ake te ora me te kaha ki te whanaketanga i roto i te umanga matū. Ko ngā kaupapa here pēnei i te "Mahere Tau Rima 14" me te rautaki "Waro Takirua" kua ārahi pai i te pānga hangarau o te umanga.

Ko ngā rauemi matū hou e uru ana ki te fluorine waro, te silicon waro, te penapena pūngao, te tiaki taiao, ngā matū hiko, ngā waituhi me ētahi atu rauemi hou. E pā ana ēnei ki ngā mea kua whakawhanakehia i nāianei, kei te whanakehia tonutia, he tino pai te mahi, he mahi motuhake rānei kāore i te whai i ngā rauemi matū tuku iho. Mō ngā rauemi matū hou. He whānui te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi matū hou i roto i ngā mara o ngā motuka, te tereina, te rererangi, ngā mōhiohio hiko, ngā taputapu matatau, te penapena pūngao me te tiaki taiao, ngā taputapu hauora, me te hanganga tāone.

Ngā kāwai matua o ngā rauemi matū hou
E ai ki ngā wāhanga ahumahi, e toru ngā wāhanga o ngā rauemi matū hou: ko tētahi he hua matū kounga teitei i roto i ngā mara hou, ko tētahi he momo rauemi matū tuku iho kounga teitei, ā, ko te tuatoru he rauemi matū hou i hangaia mā te tukatuka tuarua (ngā paninga kounga teitei, ngā piripiri kounga teitei), ngā rauemi kiriuhi mahi, me ētahi atu).

Ko ngā rauemi matū hou ko ngā kirihou hangarau me ō rātou koranu, ngā rauemi polymer mahi, te silicon organic, te fluorine organic, ngā muka motuhake, ngā rauemi hiato, ngā rauemi matū hiko, ngā rauemi nanochemical, te rapa motuhake, te polyurethane, ngā polyolefin mahi-teitei, ngā paninga motuhake, ngā momo motuhake. Neke atu i te tekau ngā momo tae atu ki ngā piripiri me ngā tāpiringa motuhake.

Ko te kaupapa here e akiaki ana i te auahatanga hangarau o ngā rauemi matū hou
I tīmata te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matū hou i Haina i ngā tau 1950 me 1960, ā, i whakaurua haeretia ngā kaupapa here tautoko me ngā kaupapa here ture e tika ana hei waihanga i tētahi taiao tipu pai mō te umanga rauemi matū hou o Haina. Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, kua tutuki i te rangahau a Haina mō ngā rauemi matū hou he maha ngā hua rangahau hou, ā, kua angitu te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hou i whakawhanakehia i roto i ngā mara maha, ā, kua kawea mai he rongo pai ki te whanaketanga o ngā umanga maha i Haina.

Te tātari i te whakamahere hangarau e pā ana ki te "Mahere Rima-Tau 14" mō te umanga rauemi matū hou

I te aroaro o te "Mahere Tau Rima 14", i runga i ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te umanga he iti te rahinga katoa, he hanganga koretake, he iti noa ngā hangarau taketake, he kore tautoko mō ngā hangarau noa, me ngā hangarau matua e whakahaerehia ana e ētahi atu, kua whakatau te Hui Whakawhanake Auahatanga Ahumahi Rauemi Hou ki te whakatika i ngā ngoikoretanga, te whakapai ake i te mahi, me te whakatairanga i ngā tono. , Kia mataara ki ngā mahi matua i ngā taha e whā.

E ai ki te "Aratohu Whakawhanake Tau Rima Tekau mā Whā mō te Ahumahi Rauemi Matū Hou" i whakaputaina e te Rōpū Ahumahi Hinu me te Matū o Haina i te marama o Mei 2021, kua whakaritea kia mau tonu te tipu tere o te moni whiwhi pakihi matua me te haumi rawa pumau o te umanga rauemi matū hou o tōku whenua, me te whai kia tutuki ngā ahumahi teitei me ngā ahumahi rerekē i te tau 2025, me ngā huringa nui o ngā tikanga whanaketanga me te whakapainga nui o te kounga o ngā mahi ōhanga.

Te tātari i te akiaki hangarau o te umanga rauemi matū hou mā te rautaki o te kore waro me te pikinga waro

Ina hoki, ka arotau tonu te rautaki waro-rua i te hanganga o te umanga, ka whakapai ake i te taumata hangarau o te umanga mā te whanaketanga me ngā here, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ki tētahi huarahi kounga teitei ake, ā, pumau ake. Mā te tātari i te panonitanga hanganga o te taha tuku me te taha tono o ngā hua matū, whakamāramahia te pānga akiaki o tēnei rautaki ki te umanga rauemi matū hou.

Ko te pānga o te whāinga waro-rua ko te arotau i te tuku me te waihanga i te tono. Ko te arotau i te tuku kei roto i te whakaiti i te kaha whakaputa whakamuri me te whakatenatena i ngā tukanga hou. He iti noa te kaha whakaputa hou o te nuinga o ngā hua matū, inā koa ko te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā hua tukunga nui i roto i te umanga matū waro tuku iho. Nō reira, ko te whakaputa i ngā rauemi matū hou ka taea te whakakapi me te whakamahi i ngā whakakorikori hou ka whakamahia hei whakanui ake i te tere whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata me te whakanui ake i te hau putanga. Whakaitihia ngā tukunga waro me te whakakapi mārire i te kaha whakaputa whakamuri o nāianei.

Hei tauira, ko te hangarau DMTO-III hou o te Dalian Institute of Chemical Technology, ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te whakamahinga o te methanol ki te 2.66 tana, engari ka whakanuia hoki e te whakakorikori hou te hua o ngā monomer olefin, ka karo i te taahiraa pakaru C4/C5, ā, ka whakaiti tika i ngā tukunga hauhā. Hei tāpiri, ka whakakapia e te hangarau hou a BASF te hau māori hei pūtake wera mō te pakaru mamaoa o te ethylene ki tētahi oumu hou me ngā whakamahana hiko, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hauhā tae atu ki te 90%.

E rua ngā tikanga o te waihanga tono: ko tētahi he whakawhānui ake i te tono tono mō ngā rauemi matū hou, ā, ko tētahi he whakakapi i ngā rauemi tawhito ki ngā rauemi hou e pai ana ki te taiao, he iti hoki ngā tukunga waro. Ko te tuatahi he tauira mō te pūngao hou. He maha ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana e ngā waka pūngao hou pērā i ngā elastomers thermoplastic, e whakapiki tika ana i te tono mō ngā rauemi matū hou e pā ana. I te tuarua, ko te whakakapinga o ngā rauemi tawhito ki ngā rauemi hou kāore e tino whakapiki i te nui o te tono whakamutunga, ā, ka nui ake te pānga ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata. Hei tauira, i muri i te whakatairanga i ngā kirihou pirau, kua heke te whakamahinga o ngā kiriata kirihou tuku iho.

Te aronga whanaketanga hangarau o ngā wāhanga matua o ngā rauemi matū hou
He maha ngā momo rauemi matū hou. E ai ki te rahi o te ahumahi rauemi kua wehea me te nui o te whakataetae, ka wehea ngā rauemi matū hou ki ngā momo hangarau matua e toru me ā rātou mara tono: ngā rauemi polymer matatau, ngā rauemi hiato mahi-teitei, me ngā rauemi matū kore-waro hou.

Hangarau rauemi polymer matatau

Ko ngā rauemi pūmua matatau ko te nuinga o te rapa silicone, te fluoroelastomer, te polycarbonate, te silicone, te polytetrafluoroethylene, ngā kirihou pirau-ora, te polyurethane, me ngā kiriuhi whakawhiti katote, me ngā momo wāhanga iti. Ka whakarāpopototia, ka tātarihia hoki ngā hangarau rongonui o ngā wāhanga iti. He whānui te horapa o te hangarau rauemi pūmua matatau o Haina, ā, he whānui hoki ngā tono. I roto i ēnei, he tino kaha ngā mara o ngā matū pūmua waro me ngā wāhanga hiko taketake.

Ngā rauemi hiato mahi-teitei

Ko ngā wāhi rangahau matua o te umanga rauemi hiato mahi-teitei o Haina ko ngā matū pūhui pūhui waro, ngā wāhanga hiko taketake, me ngā tikanga, ngā taputapu ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei whānui, e tata ana ki te 50%; Ka whakamahia ngā matū waro ngota hei kai, ā, he tino kaha te hangarau o ngā tikanga, ngā taputapu rānei e whakamahia ana hei huri tika i te kaha matū ki te kaha hiko.

Ngā rauemi matū kore-waro hou

I tēnei wā, ko ngā rauemi matū kore-waro hou ko te graphene, te fullerene, te waikawa phosphoric hiko me ētahi atu wāhanga iti. Heoi, i te nuinga o te wā, he tino kukū te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau rauemi matū kore-waro hou, ā, ko ngā wāhanga hohe o te hangarau patent kei roto i ngā wāhanga hiko taketake, ngā matū ngota waro teitei, te matū kore-waro me ētahi atu mara.

I te wā o te "Mahere Tau Rima 14", i whakatakoto te kāwanatanga i ngā kaupapa here e tika ana hei whakatenatena me te ārahi i te whanaketanga tere o te umanga rauemi matū hou, ā, kua noho te umanga rauemi matū hou hei tētahi o ngā wāhi e tipu pai ana te mākete Haina i tēnei wā. E whakapono ana te tātaritanga whakamua mō te umanga rauemi matū hou, i tētahi taha, ko ngā kaupapa here te arataki i te ahunga whanaketanga hangarau o te umanga rauemi matū hou, ā, i tētahi atu taha, he pai ngā kaupapa here mō te whanaketanga o te umanga rauemi matū hou, kātahi ka whakatairanga i te pūtea pāpori hei whakanui ake i te rangahau auaha me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau rauemi matū hou. Mā te haumi, kei te tere te wera o ngā mahi hangarau o te umanga rauemi matū hou.